COMPUTER GENX

                       "COMPUTER"

"Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention.Escientist plays very important role in the history of computers.

In 1937, the first electronic digital computer was invented. The Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) could not store data and was not programmable. It was basically a 700-pound calculator that was the size of a desk and contained 

DIGITAL COMPUTER GENERATIONS

In the electronic computer world, we measure technological advancement by generations. A specific system is said to belong to a specific "generation." Each generation indicates a significant change in computer design.

                                    

               FIRST GENERATION

The computers of the first generation (1951-1958) were physically very large machines characterized by the vacuum tube . Because they used vacuum tubes, they were very unreliable, required a lot of power to run, and produced so much heat that adequate air conditioning was critical to protect the computer parts. Compared to today's computers, they had slow input and output devices, were slow in processing, and had small storage capacities.

                                      SECOND GENERATION

The computers of the second generation (1959-1963), were characterized by transistors instead of vacuum tubes.Transistors were smaller, less expensive, generated almost no heat, and required very little power. Thus second generation computers were smaller, required less power, and produced a lot less heat. The use of small, long lasting transistors also increased processing speeds and reliability. Cost performance also improved. The storage capacity was greatly increased with the introduction of magnetic disk storage and the use of magnetic cores for main storage. High speed card readers, printers, and magnetic tape units were also introduced. Internal processing speeds increased. 

                                  THIRD    GENERATION

The computers of this generation (1964-1970), many of which are still in use, are characterized by miniaturized circuits. This reduces the physical size of computers even more and increases their durability and internal processing speeds. One design employs solid-state logic microcircuits  for which conductors, resistors, diodes, and transistors                                               have been miniaturized and combined on half-inch ceramic squares. Another smaller design uses silicon wafers on which the circuit and its components are etched. The smaller circuits allow for faster internal processing speeds resulting in faster execution of instructions. Internal processing speeds are measured in billionths of a second (nanoseconds). The faster computers make it possible to run jobs that were considered impractical or impossible on first or second generation equipment. Because the miniature components are more reliable, maintenance is reduced. New mass storage, such as the data cell, was introduced during this generation, giving a storage capacity of over 100 million characters. Drum and disk capacities and speed have been increased, the portable disk pack has been developed, and faster, higher density magnetic tapes have come into use.

FOURTH GENERATION AND BEYOND

The computers of the fourth generation are not easily distinguished from earlier generations, yet there are some striking and important differences. The manufacturing of integrated circuits has advanced to the point where thousands of circuits (active components) n be placed on a silicon wafer only a fraction of an inch in size (the computer on a chip). This has led to what is called large scale integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI). As a result of this technology, computers are significantly smaller in physical size and lower in cost. Yet they have retained large memory capacities and are ultra fast. Medium sized computers can perform the same tasks as large third generation computers. An entirely new breed of computers called microcomputers  and minicomputers are small and inexpensive, and yet they provide a large amount of computing power.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

Fifth generations computers are only in the minds of advance research scientist and being tested out in the laboratories. These computers will be under Artifical Intelligence(AI), They will be able to take commands in a audio visual way and carry out instructions. Many of the operations which requires low human intelligence will be perfomed by these computers.
Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibiliy that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than thoes under central processing. Advances in Super Conductor technology will greatly improve the speed of information traffic. Future looks bright for the computers.
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